The three measurements correspond to x=12 cm, x=67 cm and x=127 cm measured from the bottom of the tube. As it is seen, the grains move downwards with oscillating velocity. At the top and middle of the tube during each period the grains come to a full stop, remain standing for a considerable portion of the period and then accelerate downwards. Their acceleration almost reaches the value corresponding to free fall (g=-9.81 m/s2) near the top of the tube, but is lower in the middle of the tube. At the bottom of the tube one can still see oscillations in the grain velocity but the grains do not come to a full stop and their acceleration does not come close to g.   Thus, grain oscillations show a stick-slip character only in the upper part of the silo.

The grains do not oscillate in phase at neighboring vertical locations (at distance 10 cm), but there is a phase lag (see next figure a-b): information propagates upward in this system in the form of sound waves. The wave velocity U is not constant throughout the silo (see c-d), but considerably increases toward the lower end of the system, suggesting increased pressure in this region, where the flow changes from cylindrical to converging flow.

This underlines the importance of the transition zone in the lower end of the silo, where the flow changes from cylindrical to converging flow and is in accordance with those observations which suggest that the source of the resonance phenomenon is the generation of strong stress oscillations in this region. As shown, the amplitude of the grain oscillations increases with height and leads to stick-slip motion in the upper part of the silo. This supports the argument that appropriate friction with the walls is crucial for the amplification of the waves and could be a necessity for strong resonance as argued by other authors, which is also supported by the fact that increasing the roughness of the silo walls (i.e. suppressing stick-slip) effectively reduces the resonance.